Einstein biography zusammenfassung translation

Albert Einstein was a Nobel Prize winner and Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study (1932-1955).
At Last 5 Minutes with Einstein Himself (Engl.
In this captivating biography, Walter Isaacson delves into the life of Albert Einstein, a visionary who defied convention from an early age.

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On the History of Unified Field Theories

As a rule, the point of departure for unified field theory was general relativity. The additional task then was to ‘geometrize’ the electromagnetic field. In this review, we will encounter essentially five different ways to include the electromagnetic field into a geometric setting:

by connecting an additional linear form to the metric through the concept of “gauging” (Weyl);
by introducing an additional space dimension (Kaluza);
by choosing an asymmetric Ricci tensor (Eddington);
by adding an antisymmetric tensor to the metric (Bach, Einstein);
by replacing the metric by a 4-bein field (Einstein).

In order to bring some order into the wealth of these attempts towards “unified field theory,” I shall distinguish four main avenues extending general relativity, according to their mathematical direction: generalisation of

geometry,
dynamics (Lagrangians, field equations),
number field, and
dimension of space,

as well as their possible combinations. In the period considered, all four directions were follow

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Physics History Network

Dates

March 14, 1879 – April 16, 1955

Authorized Form of Name

Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955

Abstract

Albert Einstein was a Nobel Prize winner and Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study (1932-1955). Other institutional affiliations include the University of Berlin and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. His research interests included special and general relativity and unified theory.

Important Dates

March 14, 1879Birth, Ulm (Germany).

1896 – 1900Obtained Teaching Diploma, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich (Switzerland).

1902 – 1909Technical Expert, Third Class (1902-1906) and Technical Expert, Second Class (1906-1909), Eidgenössisches Institut für Geistiges Eigentum (Switzerland), Swiss Patent Office, Bern, Bern (Switzerland).

1905Obtained PhD in Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich (Switzerland).

1908 – 1909Lecturer, University of Bern, Bern (Switzerland).

1909 – 1911Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics, University of Zurich, Zurich (Switzerland).

1911 – 1912Professo

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Chapter Two: Childhood, 1879–1896The Swabian Albert Einstein's early language development was slow, causing concern for his parents. He often repeated words to himself before speaking and exhibited a rebellious attitude toward authority. Despite early challenges, Einstein believed his difficulties allowed him to observe the world uniquely, leading to his later scientific creativity. His family background was rooted in Jewish tradesmen from Swabia, though they were less concerned with religious practices. Hermann, his father, was a math enthusiast but struggled in business, while Pauline, his mother, possessed a sharp wit and strong personality. Albert was born in Ulm, Germany, and named after his grandfather but felt the name too Jewish. Munich When Einstein was a year old, his family moved to Munich, where they led a respectable bourgeois life. He was introspective, preferring solitary activities over group play. As a child, he displayed impressive persistence with puzzles and had a strong interest in building and mechanics. Although sometimes prone to temper tantrums, he o